75 Names of Unusual or Obsolete Occupations

75 Names of Unusual or Obsolete Occupations 75 Names of Unusual or Obsolete Occupations 75 Names of Unusual or Obsolete Occupations By Mark Nichol The English language abounds with word describing occupations and professions that are rare or obsolete or are otherwise unusual and hence obscure. Here is an incomplete but extensive list of such terms, along with brief definitions. 1. ackerman: a plowman or oxherder 2. alewife: a proprietor of a tavern 3. alnager: a wool inspector 4. arkwright: a carpenter specializing in wooden chests 5. bowyer: a bowmaker 6. brazier: a brass worker 7. catchpole: an official who pursues those with delinquent debts 8. caulker: someone who packs seams in ships or around windows 9. chandler: a candlemaker, or a retail supplier of specific equipment 10. chiffonier: a wigmaker 11. cobbler: a shoemaker 12. collier: a coal miner or a maker of charcoal (also, a ship that transports coal) 13. cooper: a maker or repairer of barrels, casks, and tubs 14. cordwainer: a shoemaker 15. costermonger: a fruit seller 16. crocker: a potter 17. currier: a leather tanner, or a horse groom 18. draper: a cloth dealer 19. drayman: a driver of a heavy freight cart 20. drummer: a traveling salesman 21. duffer: a peddler 22. eggler: an egg seller 23. factor: an agent or steward 24. farrier: someone who trims horse hooves and puts on horseshoes 25. fishmonger: a fish seller 26. fletcher: a maker of arrows 27. fuller: someone who shrinks and thickens wool cloth 28. glazier: a glassmaker or window maker 29. haberdasher: an owner of or worker in a store for men’s clothing or small items used for making clothes 30. hawker: a peddler 31. hayward: an official responsible for fences and hedges 32. higgler: a peddler of dairy products and small game (also, a haggler, or someone who negotiates for lower prices) 33. hobbler: a person who tows boats on a canal or river 34. hooper: a maker of hoops for barrels, casks, and tubs 35. hostler or ostler: one who cares for horses or mules, or moves or services locomotives (originally, an innkeeper, who also maintained stables) 36. huckster: a peddler (now refers to a con artist) 37. ice cutter: someone who saws blocks of ice for refrigeration 38. ironmonger: a seller of items made of iron 39. joiner: a carpenter who specializes in furniture and fittings 40. keeler: a crew member on a barge or a keelboat 41. knacker: one who buys animals or animal carcasses to use as animal food or as fertilizer (originally, a harness maker or saddle maker) 42. knocker-up: a professional waker, who literally knocks on doors or windows to rouse people from sleep 43. lamplighter: someone who lights, extinguishes, and refuels gas street lamps 44. lapidary: a jeweler 45. lector: someone who reads to factory workers for entertainment 46. log driver: someone who floats and guides logs downriver for transportation 47. milliner: a designer, maker, or seller of women’s hats 48. muleskinner: a wagon driver 49. peruker: a wigmaker 50. pinsetter: someone who sets bowling pins back up after each bowl 51. plowright: a maker of plows and other farm implements 52. plumber: originally, one who installed lead roofing or set lead frames for windows 53. porter: a doorkeeper or gatekeeper 54. puddler: a worker in wrought iron 55. quarryman: a stonecutter 56. raker: a street cleaner 57. resurrectionist: someone who digs up recently buried corpses for use as cadavers 58. ripper: a fish seller 59. roper: a maker of nets and ropes 60. sawyer: a carpenter 61. slater: a roofer 62. slopseller: a seller of ready-made clothing, as opposed to a tailor 63. stevedore: a dockworker 64. tanner: someone who cures animal hides to make leather 65. teamster: a wagon driver 66. thatcher: someone who makes thatched roofs 67. tinker: a repairer or seller of small metal goods such as pots and pans 68. turner: someone who uses a lathe to turn wood for balustrades and spindles 69. victualer: an innkeeper, or a merchant who provides food for ships or for the military 70. wainwright: a wagon maker 71. webster: a weaver 72. weirkeeper: a fish trapper 73. wharfinger: an owner or operator of a wharf 74. wheelwright: a maker of wheels for carriages and wagons 75. whitesmith: a worker of tin Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withHow to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and Tricks15 English Words of Indian Origin

Erving Goffman - Biography and Works

Erving Goffman - Biography and Works Erving Goffman (1922-1982) was a major Canadian-American sociologist who played a significant role in the development of modern American sociology. He is considered by some to be the most influential sociologist of the 20th century, thanks to his many significant and lasting contributions to the field.  He is widely known and celebrated as a major figure in the development of  symbolic interaction theory  and for developing the dramaturgical perspective. His most widely read works include  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life  and  Stigma: Notes the Management of Spoiled Identity. Major Contributions Goffman is credited for making significant contributions to the field of sociology. He is considered a pioneer of micro-sociology, or the close examination of the social interactions that compose everyday life. Through this type of work, Goffman presented evidence and theory for the social construction of the self as it is presented to and managed for others, created the concept of framing and the perspective of frame analysis, and set the foundation for the study of impression management. In addition, through his study of social interaction, Goffman made a lasting mark on how sociologists understand and study stigma and how it affects the lives of people who experience it. His studies also laid the groundwork for the study of strategic interaction within game theory and laid the foundation for the method and subfield of conversation analysis. Based on his study of mental institutions, Goffman created the concept and framework for studying total institutions and the process of resocialization that takes place within them. Early Life and Education Erving Goffman was born June 11, 1922, in Alberta, Canada. His parents, Max and Anne Goffman, were Ukrainian Jews and had emigrated to Canada prior to his birth. After his parents moved to Manitoba, Goffman attended St. Johns Technical High School in Winnipeg and in 1939 he began his university studies in chemistry at the University of Manitoba. Goffman would later switch to studying sociology at the University of Toronto and completed his B.A. in 1945. Following that, Goffman enrolled at the University of Chicago for graduate school and completed a Ph.D. in sociology in 1953. Trained in the tradition of the Chicago School of Sociology, Goffman conducted ethnographic research  and studied symbolic interaction theory. Among his major influences were Herbert Blumer, Talcott Parsons, Georg Simmel, Sigmund Freud, and Émile  Durkheim. His first major study, for his doctoral dissertation, was an account of everyday social interaction and rituals on Unset, an island among the Shetland Islands chain in Scotland (Communication Conduct in an Island Community, 1953). Goffman married Angelica Choate in 1952 and a year later the couple had a son, Thomas. Sadly, Angelica committed suicide in 1964 after suffering from mental illness. Career and Later Life Following the completion of his Ph.D. and his marriage, Goffman took a job at the National Institute for Mental Health in Bethesda, MD. There, he conducted participant observation research for what would be his second book,  Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates, published in 1961. He described how this process of institutionalization socializes people into the role of a good patient (i.e. someone dull, harmless and inconspicuous), which in turn reinforces the notion that severe mental illness is a chronic state. Goffmans first book, published in 1956, and arguably his most widely taught and famous work, is titled  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Drawing on his research in the Shetland Islands, it is in this book that Goffman laid out his dramaturgical approach to studying the minutiae of everyday face-to-face interaction. He used the imagery of the theater to portray the importance of human and social action. All actions, he argued, are social performances that aim to give and maintain certain desired impressions of oneself to others. In social interactions, humans are actors on a stage playing a performance for an audience. The only time that individuals can be themselves and get rid of their role or identity in society is backstage where no audience is present. Goffman took a faculty position in the department of sociology at the University of California-Berkeley in 1958. In 1962 he was promoted to full professor. A few years later, in 1968, he was appointed the Benjamin Franklin Chair in Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience  is another of Goffman’s well-known books, published in 1974. Frame analysis is the study of the organization of social experiences and so with his book, Goffman wrote about how conceptual frames structure an individual’s perception of society. He used the concept of a picture frame to illustrate this concept. The frame, he described, represents structure and is used to hold together an individual’s context of what they are experiencing in their life, represented by a picture. In 1981 Goffman married Gillian Sankoff, a sociolinguist. Together the two had a daughter, Alice, who was born in 1982. Sadly, Goffman died of stomach cancer that same year. Today, Alice Goffman is a notable sociologist in her own right. Awards and Honors Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1969)Guggenheim Fellowship (1977-78)Cooley-Mead Award for Distinguished Scholarship, Second on Social Psychology, American Sociological Association (1979)73rd President of the American Sociological Association (1981-82)Mead Award, Society for the Study of Social Problems (1983)6th most cited author in humanities and social sciences in 2007 Other Major Publications Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction (1961)Behavior in Public Places (1963)Interaction Ritual (1967)Gender Advertisements (1976)Forms of Talk (1981)

Segmentation and Target Market Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Segmentation and Target Market Paper - Essay Example It is the process of splitting customers in a market into different groups (McDonald and Dunbar, 2012). Industries can segment the target market according to either large or small consumer numbers, or their geographic location. A target market refers to a group of organizations or people, for which and industry develops and implements strategic plans so as to meet the group’s needs. The essay that follows discusses on segmentation and target market within the Nike Company. Nike Company is one of the largest athletic sport equipment companies in the world. It was founded by Phil Knight, a former Oregon University coach, and has its headquarter Oregon, Beaverton (Hill and Jones, 2010). It is one of the companies that have had a tremendous growth over the past years. It has segmented markets in different areas, which include Oregon, New Hampshire, Tennessee, Europe and Japan (Porter and Norton, 2013). Its inclusion of services in other areas results from the company’s grow th and increased service need in the areas. Market Segmentation in Nike Company Demographic Characteristics This is dividing a company’s service provision according to age, race, gender, and social class, among others (Gitman and McDaniel, 2009). ... Nike’s segmentation of business in the various locations aims at meeting the same need for sport wears both to the young and the aged. Income also contributes to Nike’s market segmentation to other areas. For example, Japan is a country whose income is high due to automobile and other industries. However, it might not have the ability to produce wears suitable for sporting as those Nike Company produces. The need for proper sport wears gives Nike to expand its services to Japan. The company also produces wears for all genders where different clothes exist for women and men players. The target market in this market segment is both male and female athletes who exist in the regions around Nike Headquarters, and those in other countries like Japan. Psychographic Characteristics This involves segregating market in terms of people’s common activities, interests, and opinions (Gitman and McDaniel, 2009). Nike Company’s headquarter is in a location where people ha ve a common interest in sporting. The founder aimed at providing state-of-the-art athletic shoes that convince customers that they are the best-suited and necessary for sporting and athletic interests in the region (Hill and Jones, 2010). The psychographic segmentation by Nike targets sales from athletes from the Oregon region who have an interest in sports and need comfortable shoes to support them in their sporting activities. As Hill and Jones (2010) point, in the past Nike concentrated on making shoes for basketball and track market segments more than other sports like golf and soccer among others, but later realized that engaging in the making shoes for other sporting activities can bring a lot of profits. This made the

Corporate Restructuring and Administrative Rescue Essay

Corporate Restructuring and Administrative Rescue - Essay Example On the other hand, Town and Country Flooring (Norfolk) Limited (TFCN) was incorporated in the year 1984 and was traded as a small contract flooring provider who services the local market place in Norfolk. TCFN has been a stand alone business in complementing Town and Country Flooring Limited. In the year 2005, TCFN was sold to John Maidment, Robin Eglen, Brian Pestana and Jean L Hicks, who acquired TCFL at the same time (Report and Proposals [2], 2008). Pursuing this acquisition, there was an incessant drive to apply further development strategies for both TCFL and TCFN, which was inclusive of increasing the geographical coverage of the group with branches introduced in diversified cities. An armor service series was introduced to TCFN which involved the supply and installation of hygienic wall armor surfaces (Report and Proposals [2], 2008). TCFL grew gradually for many years whilst supplying as well as installing floor coverings, such as carpets and carpet tiles, along with dcor flooring, vinyl as well as wood floor coverings. It served four key markets, developing a powerful stand within the public sector, chief building contractors, new house builders as well as the management of facilities (Report and Proposals [1], 2008). The company has carried out several contracts by purchase order, framework type as well as standard construction industry sub-contracts. As a result, by the year 2002, the business had been performing well and has significantly incremented in infrastructure, both in the turn-over as well as the size of its work-force. This incessant growth strategy generated prosperous results, with turn-over incrementing year on year. However, unfortunately, whilst the turn-over was improvising, the directors were experiencing other problems in the management of expansion program. Overheads, which had incremented across the group so as to provide the continuing drive in order to increase volumes, were influencing on the productivity as well as the cash-flow restrictions were becoming more recurrent. In accordance with some more facts from the Directors' report, the company increased turn-over by 31 per cent during the year it gave rise to a new business unit in the Southern England are (Annual Report, 2006). Nonetheless, with the ending of the year, the Southern Office was shut and the business from there was merged in to another branch. Moreover, in addition to this, the group also experienced intricacies in the recruitment and retaining of a powerful and strong financial director. Currently, within the last six to eight months, many officials quit the business for some personal reasons, which contributed to the factors, together with a general worsening in the market place, meticulously in the construction sector, which construed to the fact that TFCL was facing a challenging period (Report and Pr

The Ideal Leading me to Study Law Essay -- Law College Admissions Essa

The Ideal Leading me to Study Law The war in the former Yugoslavia is an intensely personal matter for me. I had, for some time, been more aware of the strife in Croatia than many of my peers. My family is originally from Zagreb. As the war progressed, my parents worried about relatives and friends whom they could no longer reach. My father gave up his medical practice in the summer of 1991 to volunteer his medical skills in Zagreb. Throughout this time, I struggled between my sense of responsibility to my relatives and "homeland" and my comfortable life as an American college student. Concentrating on classes and career plans became less important as the war progressed. As I read my father's letters during my senior year detailing the horrible conditions in Croatia, my grades went into a shameful decline. But my heart was nowhere near a textbook; it was at my father's side helping the victims of this international travesty. I didn't even look for a "career option" in the United States. Instead, I sought a volunteer job, sponsored by the University of Zagreb, rebuilding homes destroyed in the conflict and teaching English. Croatia provided a hot blast of reality. During my first week in Krasic, the village where I was assigned, I watched Croatian teens yelling "Cetnik!" (Serbian nationalists during WWII) pelt an elderly woman, who lived in the village for over fifty years, with rocks. Until then, I had never seen such overt and utter hatred, but I learned that such events occurred frequently in the village. Sadly, in a few months all the non-Croatian villagers were forced to leave for Serbia or Bosnia, countries that they did not consider home yet knew were safer for them. I remain... ...equired that, raised one way, I learn another. The lessons I learned, however, go beyond personal growth. I now know that justice is not a passive condition. It is not an intellectual concept. Rather, it is an active and practical application of values by people dealing with real problems affecting individuals at the most essential level. That is the ideal leading me to law school. I learned in Croatia that our current social and political problems run deep, and addressing them requires sophisticated legal skills as well as zeal and compassion. I think my father was right in saying that one can accomplish more with greater education, and that I was right in going to help when I needed to. But now I need to return to the classroom, knowing that I can accomplish more if I return in three years with the skills needed to achieve even more than I already have.

Ame and Ame Zion Churches in African American History Essay

There are many questions that come to mind when looking at the significant roles denominationalism affects the Christian faith. We see this growing trend of doctrinal beliefs that cause for many of our African American Churches to worship separately on a weekly bases for Sunday Morning Worship Services and Mid-Week Bible Studies. Through the incorporation of doctrinal beliefs that govern our churches making for divisions within the Christian faith, we also find division and difference within that denomination also. I ask myself this question, how and why there are so many denominations founded and why are there so many sub-cultures or denominational split within them if we are the Body of Christ and one church? Through this paper I will take a look at two churches, the A.M.E. and A.M.E.Z. church to understand what makes them different while exploring the doctrinal beliefs that divide them. The Methodist Church was formed by a few students in England at Oxford University. Known as the Oxford Methodist, they were ridiculed for their beliefs in 1729. They were dubbed â€Å"Bible Bigots,† â€Å"Bible Moths,† and the â€Å"Holy Club.† Three major names are cited as influential members of this group; John and Charles Wesley and Greg Whitefield and where were methodically religious. This group felt that it was necessary to be justified before one could be sanction and that they should give close attention to live a life of holiness. The Methodist movement made its way to the American Colonies after being it was not able to remain within the Church of England. After an evangelistic team made up of many un-churched believers from within the Church of England, under the direction of Wesley, submitted a declaration. This document was penned by John Wesley as early as 1739, outlined general rules of governance with Bible rules and conduct that is still held today by the modern Methodist Church. In 1784 a Deed of Declaration was submitted, giving its ‘legal status’ to the yearly Methodist conference. In this brief historical overview of the Methodist Church as a whole, we see how small divisions within any church organization can form. In this case it was out of a team of evangelist who were not welcomed by the Church of England. The winds of change continued to blow within the Methodist Church movement. The emergence of the African Americans willing to worship the Methodist banner more trials ensued as we see a difference of human rights and equality raising its head. After the formation of the Methodist Church in the United States we see a set of worshipers from within the vast population of slaves in the south. The First Great Awakening in the 1740s led by John Wesley, records in his journal that be baptized two Black converts on November 29, 1758. This Methodist society organized in Maryland in 1764 then later in New York in 1776, both charters included African Americans in great number on their church rosters. As American history notes, the horrible experience of slavery and unjust treatment servant worker who were owned by Whites made for great indifference in this country and likewise within the walls of the Methodist Church. There was a Second Great Awakening that came at the turn of the century in 1800. The Methodist church had a strong following by both freed and not yet freed slaves. They church spoken in opposition to slavery, then late somewhat retreated as a force of the opposition to slavery. As the Slave Rebellions grew constant Gabriel Prosser was constrained to admonish his fellowship to â€Å"spare the Methodist and the Quakers.† Out of this we see the Methodist movement take actions in Virginia where Richard Allen felt the need to withdraw from fellowship with the white Methodists of Philadelphia. Richard Allen and the A.M.E. Church, (African Methodist Church) in 1787 led other black worshipers’ withdrawal from St. George’s Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia after being pulled from their knees is worship in an area that they did not know way off limited to black worshipers. This event led to protest and according to Allan, â€Å"†¦All went out of the church in a body.† â€Å"†¦and they were more plagued with [us] in the church.†

Slavery And Abolition Of Slavery - 1158 Words

In order to talk about the abolition of slavery it is necessary to know the meaning of slavery and abolition. According to Dictionary.com the word â€Å"Slave means: a person entirely under the domination of some influence or person and abolition means: â€Å"the legal prohibition and ending of slavery, especially of slavery of blacks in the U.S.† Now that both words were defined we can begin. â€Å"It is said that the first African slaves were brought to the United States near the English Colony back in 1619 to Jamestown, Virginia by some Dutch traders. If we were to discuss the origins of slavery we would have to start not in the United States, but we would have to shift gears to Brazil were they were the biggest slaves traders of all times† according to History.net During many years there were groups that fought the cause to end slavery in the United States one of the group was called the Abolitionist movement in the United States of America they fought for a nation that valued personal freedom and believed all men were created equal. Some of the people behind the fight against slavery were the following: Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Nee Harriet Ross, Harriet Beecher Stowe, President Abraham Lincoln and many others. The abolition movement became an important element of political parties. Although the Native American Party (derisively called the Know-Nothing Party because when member were asked about the secretive group they claimed to know nothing). 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